BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMAT
©
2004 Jeffrey Scott Longstaff


     

Abbreviations used in reference citations

Trans. Translator
Ed. (Eds.) Editor, Edited by,
ed. edition
rev. ed. revised edition
2nd ed. Second edition
Vol. as in - Vol. 2
vols. as in - 8 vols
No. Number
chap. Chapter
Supp. Suppliment
Pt. part
p. pp. page, pages
1st, 2nd 3rd etc. (Not first, second third etc.)



  The beauty is in revealing depth of resources. Many referencing formats can be used to make specify details about translators, new editions, reprints, first published date, etc., which all reveal information about the bases of the knowledge.

  The format here is essentially follows that from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 1983, -- & recent which is used by a high number of humanities peer-reviewed joutnals.

  There is no such thing as a standardised bibliographic/referencing format.
Even when following a particular format, each journal will often use its own variation as far as exact placement of comas, semicolons, colons, etc.

What is important is to be CONSISTANT around a general style.
What is most important in writing is clarity of ideas, not the location of semicolon.

The most important features are:
1. Consistency of format
2. Ease of use
3. Providing full information



NOTES ON AUTHOR - DATE CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:


ONE AUTHOR

(Bartenieff, 1971)

AUTHOR PLUS PAGE NUMBERS

(Laban, 1966, p. 34)

(Ghyka, 1977, pp. 4-7)

TWO AUTHORS

(Moore & Yamamoto, 1988)

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS:
1st citation, include ALL the authors’ names:

(Burgoon, Stern, & Dillman, 1995)

Subsequent citation, use et al.

(Burgoon et al., 1995)

SEVERAL WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

(Laban, 1926, 1966, 1980)

SEVERAL WORKS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS
Works appear in alphabetical order by authors name-

(Longstaff, 1996; Laban, 1926; Preston-Dunlop, 1998)


-- QUOTE IN A SENTENCE:

When the quote is in a single sentence “then the quote goes right in

the text, with ‘quotes from the original source within single marks’

and the author-date citation placed within the final dot” (Author, 1995, p. 14).


-- BLOCK QUOTE:

When a block quote is used it looks slightly different:

     In this case several sentences might be in the quote. Or it could
     be only one. There are no quotation marks since the quote stands
     out by indentation and single-spacing. “A quote from the original
     text, receives normal double quotation marks” just as it appeared
     in the original text. In this case the citation falls at the end, but
     outside of the final dot. (Author, 1997, pp. 120-121)


BIBLIOGRAPHIC AND CITATION FORMAT

BOOKS

--------  PUBLISHED BOOK, ONE AUTHOR

Bachelard, G. (1994). The poetics of space. New York: Orion.

--------  PUBLISHED BOOK, TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

Moore, C., & Yamamoto, K. (1988). Beyond words. New York: Gordon and Breach.

Burgoon, J. K., Stern, L. A., & Dillman, L. (1995). Interpersonal adaptation; dyadic
     interaction patterns. Cambridge: University Press.

--------  BOOK PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
Give address of author/publisher as extra information at end of reference.

Preston-Dunlop, V. (1984). Point of departure; the dancer’s space. London: by the
     Author. (64 Lock Chase, SE3)

Longstaff, J. S. (2000). Selected methods of documentation and analysis. London:
     by the Author, Neua Aura. (Laban Centre, Creekside, SE8)

-----  BOOK, WITH ‘FIRST PUBLISHED’ DATE, OR PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE

Ghyka, M. (1977). The geometry of art and life. New York: Dover. (First published
     1946)

Moore, C. L. (1982). Executives in action: A guide to balanced decision–making in
     management. Estover, Plymouth: MacDonald & Evans. (First published as Action
     profiling, 1978)

Laban, R. (1966). Choreutics (Annotated and Ed. by L. Ullmann). London:
     MacDonald and Evans. (Published in U.S.A. as The language of movement; a
     guide book to choreutics, Boston: Plays)


-------  BOOK, SUBSEQUENT REVISED AND/OR EXPANDED EDITIONS
(parentheses at end indicate previous versions of the work which were in a different format than the more recent work which is being referred to. This extra information is not essential in the strictest sense but it provides a good background on the work and also allows other versions of the work to be found.)

Preston-Dunlop, V. (1980). A handbook for modern educational dance
     (2nd rev. ed.). Boston: Plays. (First published 1963)

Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception; the new version (rev. and
     expanded). Berkeley: University of California Press. (First published 1954)

Davis, M. (1973). Towards understanding the intrinsic in body movement (reprint
     ed., 1975). New York: Arno Press. (Ph.D. thesis, Yeshiva University, 1973)

Hutchinson, A. (1970). Labanotation or Kinetography Laban (3rd rev. ed.,1977).
     New York: Theatre Arts.

Still cited as (Hutchinson, 1970), since this is the copyright date.

--------  BOOK, TRANSLATED EDITIONS

Laban, R. (1975). A life for dance; reminiscencs (Annotated and Trans. by L.
     Ullmann). London: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1935)

cite: (Laban, 1935/1975)

Knust, A. (1979). Dictionary of kinetography Laban (Labanotation); Vol. I: Text
     (Trans. by A. Knust, D. Baddeley-Lang, S. Archbutt, & I. Wachtel).
     Plymouth: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1956)


--------  BOOK, WITH ‘REPRINT’ DATE
(parentheses at end indicate supplementary information)

Kirstein, L., & Stuart, M. (1952). The classic ballet. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
     (Twenty-second printing 1986)

cited: (Kirstein & Stuart, 1952)
Still cited as 1952, since this is a reprint, exactly as the original, and so still has the same copyright date, 1952.

--------  EDITORS AND/OR TRANSLATORS AS AUTHOR
There is another dot after (Eds. & Trans.).

Preston-Dunlop, V., & Lahusen, S. (Eds. & Trans.). (1990). Schrifttanz: A view of
     German dance in the Weimer Republic. Cecil Court, London: Dance Books.

Maramorosch, D. (Ed.). (1977). The atlas of insect and plant viruses. New York:
     Academic Press.

--------  INSTITUTION, ORGANISATION AS AUTHOR
American Psychological Association (APA). (1983). Publication manual of the
     american psychological association (2nd rev. ed.). Washington DC:
     American Psychological Association.

First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 1983)
Subsequent citations: (APA, 1983)

--------  CORPORATION AS AUTHOR AND TITLE
Collins. (1986). Collins dictionary of the English language (2nd ed.).
     London: William Collins Sons. (Reprinted 1988)

Cited: (Collins, 1986)


ARTICLES / CHAPTERS IN EDITED BOOKS OR WORKS BY ANOTHER AUTHOR
[Brackets indicate a further description added to the title.]

LaFrance, M. (1982). Posture mirroring and rapport. In M. Davis (Ed.), Interaction
     rhythms (pp. 279-297). New York: Human Sciences.

Davis, M. (1982). Introduction [to the Conference on Interaction Rhythms]. In M.
     Davis (Ed.), Interaction rhythms (pp. 23-28). New York: Human Sciences.

Jacoby, L. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (1979). Effects of elaboration of processing at encoding
     and retrieval: Trace distinctiveness and recovery of initial context. In L. S.
     Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 1-
     21). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Ullmann, L. (1966). Rudiments of space-movement. In R. Laban, Choreutics
     (Annotated and Ed. by L. Ullmann) (pp. 138-210). London: MacDonald & Evans.
     (Published in U.S.A. as The language of movement; a guide book to
     choreutics. Boston: Plays)

Ullmann, L. (1975). Some hints for the student of movement. In R. Laban, Modern
     educational dance (3rd rev. ed., Ed. by L. Ullmann) (pp. 108-134).
     London: MacDonald & Evans.


--------  CHAPTERS IN REPRINTED AND/OR TRANSLATED BOOKS

Lindemann, E. (1922). Gamma movement. Reprinted in W. D. Ellis (Ed. & Trans.),
     A source book of gestalt psychology (4th ed. 1969) (pp. 173–181).
     London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.


-  JOURNAL ARTICLE: REPRINTED AND/OR TRANSLATED IN A BOOK
(Call-number in parantheses at end of the reference gives library location of rare works or with limited distribution.)

Laban, R. (1957). Movement culture as a basis for personal development.
     Reprinted in S. Johnston (Ed. & Trans.) (1996), Rudolf Laban and the
     development of Dance movement therapy, II. The observation of human
     movement (part II, pp. 4-6). Surrey: The Laban Guild (50th anniversary
     celebration publication). (Originally published in Deutsche Zeitung &
     Wirtschafts Zeitung, 15th June, 1957; available at Laban Library,
     London: Lib. L340)


-  FOREIGN LANGUAGE TITLES
Foreign language titles can be translated into English within any type of reference list format. The English translation is simply added, immediately following the original-language title, and placed in brackets.

Laban, R. (1920). Die welt des tänzers [The dancer’s world]. Stuttgart:
     Walter Seifert Verlag.


--------  MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR, REPRINT EDITION

Lomax, A., Bartenieff, I., & Paulay, F. (1968). The choreometric coding book. In A.
     Lomax (Ed.), Folk song style and culture (pp. 262-273). New Jersey: Transaction
     Books. (Reprint of an edition published by the American Association for the
     Advancement of Science: Washington D. C., 1968)


--------  CLASSIC TEXTS (GREEK, ROMAN, MEDIEVAL, ENGLISH CLASSICS)
These texts are cited by the original title of the classic work followed by book, section, and line numbers (remain constant regardless of edition or translation).
While some sources allow that these works are only cited in the text (with no reference list entry), providing a reference list entry is also allowed, and can be beneficial as it gives information on the translation and edition which was actually referred to.

Plato. The republic. (Translated by ______, City: Publisher, Date.)

Cited: (Plato The Republic 360E-361B)



CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
(essentially identical to an article in an edited book)


--------  CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED AS A BOOK

Cohen, L. R. (1978). Labananalysis for the social scientist with a general systems
     perspective. In D. L. Woodruff (Ed.), Essays in Dance Research; Dance Research
     Annual IX (pp. 14-25). New York: Congress on Research in Dance. (From the
     Fifth CORD Conference, 11-14 Nov. 1976, Philadelphia)


----  PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT EDITOR (publisher name is at end)

Pforsich, J., & Hackney, P. (1981). Quality and dynamics in the Laban movement
     analysis and notation system. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Biennial
     Conference of the International Council of Kinetography Laban, 14-23 August
     (pp.99-102). Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. USA: ICKL.


--------  PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS, WITH EDITOR (publisher at end)

Sanchez-Colberg, Ana. (1988). Style and the dance: Clarification of the concept of
     style as applied to dance and a methodology for its research. In S. H. Fraleigh
     (Ed.), Congress on Research in Dance International CORD conference; Dance
     and Culture (pp. 149-160). New York: Congress on Research in Dance.

Longstaff, J. S. (1999). Vectors and deflections in Laban’s Choreographie. In
     I. Bramley (Ed.), Theorising and Contextualising Dance; Papers from the Laban
     Centre Research Day (pp. 43-51). London: Laban Centre.


-----  UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER / PRESENTATION
(these are different than APA style, which underlines the names of both published and also unpublished papers. Here, unpublished papers are Not underlined.)

Lepczyk, B. (1987). Towards a quantitative analysis of classic ballet: The upper body
     technique viewed through choreutics. Unpublished paper presented at C.O.R.D.
     annual conference, University of Washington, 9-11 October.

Davis, M. (1984). Judging phrase boundaries: Report from the LIMS consensus
     project. Unpublished paper presented at LIMS research conference, New York,
     Laban / Bartenieff institute of Movement Studies.

-----  UNPUBLISHED PAPER, WITH NAME OF CONFERENCE INDICATED

Longstaff, J. S. (2001). Phenomenal documentations and dance composition.
     Unpublished slide-show presented at “Practice as Research in
     performance Symposium”, University of Bristol, Wickham Theatre, 10-11
     November.




JOURNAL ARTICLES

Puretz, S. L. (1987). Movement retrieval from long-term memory: Physical versus
     mental rehearsal. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 603-612.

Salter, A. (1967). Icosahedral symmetry operations. Laban Art of Movement Guild
     Magazine, November, 13-19.

Morasso, P., Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., & Ruggiero, C. (1983). How a discontinuous
     mechanism can produce continuous patterns in trajectory formation and
     handwriting. Acta Psychologica, 54, 83–98.


LITTLE-KNOWN JOURNAL, LIMITED CIRCULATION; ADDITIONAL INFORMATION


Rodiger, A. L. (1983). Dance graph analysis. Dance Notation Journal, 1 (2) Fall, 21-29.
     (Available from Dance Notation Bureau, New York, NY)

Sossin, K. M. (1987) Reliability of the Kestenberg movement profile. Movement
     Studies, 2, 23–28. (Available from Laban / Bartenieff Institute of Movement
     Studies, New York, NY)


----JOURNAL AS PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Preston-Dunlop, V. (1983a). Choreutic concepts and practice. Dance Research, 1 (1),
     77–88. (Proceedings of the first conference of British dance scholars, April
     1982)




THESES
(This format here is a little bit different than APA which underlines all titles, and includes Dissertation Abstracts International reference number.)


UNPUBLISHED MA OR PHD THESES, OR FINAL CERTIFICATION PROJECTS

Grayson, B. (1978). A comparison of criminal pereptions of the nonverbal behavior
     of potential victims of assault and a movement analysis based on Labananalysis.
     Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, School of Education, Health Nursing and Arts, New York
     University.

Li, Hsiao-Hwa. (1992). A choreological perspective of Carl Orff’s schulwerk of sound
     and movement making. M.A. Diss., Laban Centre, City University, London.

Longstaff, J. S. (1987). The theory and practice of volute spatial forms. Certification
     Project in Laban Movement Analysis, Laban / Bartenieff Institute of Movement
     Studies, New York.


--------  PUBLISHED MA OR PHD THESIS:


Preston-Dunlop, V. (1981). The nature of the embodiment of choreutic units in
     contemporary choreography (Ph.D. Thesis, Laban Centre, University of
     London). Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms International.

Longstaff, J. S. (1989). Moving in Crystals: A continued integration of polyhedral
     geometry with Rudolf Laban’s choreutics towards its use as a choreographic
     tool (M.S. Thesis, University of Oregon, 1988). Eugene, Oregon: Microform
     Publications, College of Human Development and Performance.


UNPUBLISHED PAPERS

Longstaff, J. S. (1986). An introduction to the uses of Laban space harmony for an
     analysis of the expressive content within dance. Unpublished
     document (23 pp.). (Available from the author: jeffrey@laban-analyses.org)


--------  PERSONAL LECTURE, SEMINAR NOTES

Preston-Dunlop, V. (1989). Statements while teaching Choreological Studies.
     London: Laban Centre. (Class notes by J. Longstaff)

Jarrell, J. (1992). Statements made while teaching Laban Kinetography, 14 January.
     London: Laban Centre. (personal notes)




INTERVIEW

--------  PUBLISHED INTERVIEW:
(Cited by Person Interviewed, not by interviewer; Brackets indicate material added to the title)

Tagore, Rabindranath. (1956). Movement in education [Interview by L. K. Elmhirst].
     Laban Art of Movement Guild Magazine, 17 (Oct.), 24-29. (Reprinted from The
     Visvabharati Quarterly)

Bainbridge Cohen, B. (1984). Interview with Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen on the
     developmental process underlying perceptual-motor integration [Interview
     by L. Nelson and N. S. Smith]. Contact Quarterly, Spring/Summer, 25-39.



--------  UNPUBLISHED, PERSONAL INTERVIEW:
McGivering, S. (1990). Personal interview by J. Longstaff at the Laban Exposition,
     June 29th 1990, Laban Centre London.





UNPUBLISHED WORK, REVIEWED IN ANOTHER PUBLISHED SOURCE
(NOTE: In these cases, the published source (cited) must also be included in the reference list.)

Critchlow, K. & Robinson, E. (1962). Anthropometric and ergonomic space unit.
     Unpublished work developed at Hammersmith College, London. (Reviewed by
     Critchlow, 1969, pp. 88-89)

Idzikowski, C., Dimbleby, R., Park, S., & Baddeley, A. D. (1983). Unpublished research.
     (Reviewed by Baddeley, 1983, p. 321; 1986, pp. 118-119)

Davis, M., Cruz, R. F., & Berger, M. R. (1995). Movement and psychodiagnosis:
     schizophrenia spectrum and dramatic personality disorders. Paper presented at
     the Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, New York
     NY. (Reviewed by Cruz, 1995)




SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

--------  SPECIAL COLLECTION, PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED

Maletic, V. (1950?). Exercises and studies in Laban’s space harmony. Essen:
     Kinetografisches Institut Der Folkwangschule. (Available at
     Laban Archive 253.13–19, Laban Centre, London)


--------  SPECIAL COLLECTION, UNPUBLISHED, WITH TITLE

Bodmer, S. (undated). The lemniscate. Unpublished handwritten papers (5 pp.).
     (Available at Laban Archive S. B. 48, Laban Centre, London)

Bodmer, S. (undated). Space orientation and harmony. Unpublished handwritten papers (14 pp.). (Available at Laban Archive S. B. 48, Laban Centre, London)

--------  SPECIAL COLLECTION, UNPUBLISHED, AND UNTITLED
[Brackets indicate that it is a description rather than an actual title.]

Laban, R., & Bodmer, S. (undated). [Diagrams on space harmony].
     Unpublished handwritten papers (3 pp.). (Available at Laban
     Archive 258.45-258.47, Laban Centre, London)




NON-PRINT MEDIA

Forsythe, W. (1999) William Forsythe Improvisation Technologies (CD ROM and
     booklet). Karlsruhe: Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie.


PERFORMANCE WORKS OR OTHER ART WORKS






INTERNET SITES


-- JOURNAL OR CONFERENCE ARTICLES AVAILABLE ON INTERNET, BASED ON A PRINT SOURCE (These are EXACT duplicates of the same article in print)

WHEN THE PRINTED ARTICLE HAS BEEN VIEWED:

Longstaff, J. S. (2001). Translating ‘vector symbols’ from Laban’s (1926)
     Choreographie. In Proceedings of the twenty-second biennial
     conference of the International Council of Kinetography Laban,
     26 July - 2 August (pp. 70-86). Ohio State University, Columbus,
     Ohio. USA: ICKL. (Retrieved June, 15, 2004, from: http://www.ickl.org/
     doc_conf01/ICKL01_070_086.pdf)

WHEN ONLY THE ELECTRONIC VERSION HAS BEEN VIEWED:

Longstaff, J. S. (2001). Translating ‘vector symbols’ from Laban’s (1926)
     Choreographie. In Proceedings of the twenty-second biennial
     conference of the International Council of Kinetography Laban,
     26 July - 2 August (pp. 70-86) [Electronic version]. Ohio State
     University, Columbus, Ohio. USA: ICKL. (Retrieved June, 15, 2004,
     from: http://www.ickl.org/doc_conf01/ICKL01_070_086.pdf)


JOURNAL OR CONFERENCE ARTICLES AVAILABLE ONLY ON THE INTERNET, OR ARTICLES ON INTERNET THAT ARE DIFFERENT THAN THE PRINTED VERSIONS:


Beasley, N. & Smyth, K. (2004). Expected and Actual use of an Online
     Learning Environment: A Critical Analysis. Electronic Journal
     of E-learning, 2, 1, Article 21. (Retreived June 18, 2004 from:
     http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art21.htm)


OTHER WEB PAGES AND WEB DOCUMENTS (other than journals or conference reports)

--NO AUTHOR IDENTIFIED, NO DATE:
(If author is not identified, begin the citation with the title of the page. Include a brief description of the page. Brackets to indicate it is a description, rather than the exact title.)

The elearning guild. (undated). [Home page]. (Retrieved June 16, 2004,
     from: http://www.elearningguild.com)

EJEL electronic journal of elearning. (undated). [Home page for
     the online journal]. (Retrieved June 16, 2004, from:
     http://www.ejel.org)

Beasley, N. (2004). Lessons learned from students’ use of an online
     learning environment. (Retrieved June 16, 2004 from: http://www
     .elearningeuropa.info/doc.php?lng=1&id=5076&doclng=1&p3=1)


DOCUMENT FROM A UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE, GOVERNMENT AGENCY, OR DEPARTMENT WEB SITE

Internet elearning institute. (undated). [Home page of the
     elearning institute]. (Retrieved June 16, 2004 from
     University of Tennessee, Outreach and Continuing Education
     Web site: http://www.iei.utk.edu)